农村居民和谐消费的双重效应及其改进分析

消费作为促进经济增长的三驾马车之一,对宏观经济的拉动作用明显增强,但农村居民消费对经济增长的贡献呈下降趋势,最重要的原因是农村居民在消费过程中没有实现和谐。和谐消费是扩大消费的基础,是理论界研究的热点问题,但对农村居民这一特殊群体和谐消费效应的研究还比较粗略。通过对农村居民和谐消费加以研究,认为要实现农村居民和谐消费,必须注重对生态环境共生性适应维度的培育以及农村居民的消费决策或消费行为与经济、社会文化、环境三个维度实现良性互动,同时应树立新型的和谐消费理念,并对农村居民实现和谐消费的途径加以认真研究,最终使农村居民和谐消费的双重效应得以充分发挥,为农村居民和谐消费的理论研究和实践过程提供新的思路和指导。     

四位乘法器的VHDL语言设计

介绍了使用 VHDL语言设计的 4位乘法器 ,给出了功能仿真波形 ,举例说明了实现电子设计自动化 ( EDA)的过程。     

On the wald,lagrangian multiplier and likelihood ratio tests when the information matrix is singular

Summary Modified formulas for the Wald and Lagrangian multiplier statistics are introduced and considered together with the likelihood ratio statistics for testing a typical null hypothesisH ₀ stated in terms of equality constraints. It is demonstrated, subject to known standard regularity conditions, that each of these statistics and the known Wald statistic has the asymptotic chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom equal to the number of equality constraints specified byH ₀ whether the information matrix is singular or nonsingular. The results of this paper include a generalization of the results of Sively (1959) concerning the equivalence of the Wald, Lagrange multiplier and likelihood ratio tests to the case of singular information matrices.     

全球应对气候变化对我国的挑战与对策

全球气候变化问题越来越成为国际社会关注的热点。我国在应对气候变化领域面临严峻的挑战,全球控制温室气体排放将对我国的和平发展形成新的严重制约。国际社会在减排义务分担方面要体现"公平发展"的原则,尊重处于不同经济发展阶段国家能源消费的特点及变化规律,要全面权衡和正确把握适应、减缓和发展三者之间的关系。应对气候变化战略与我国节约资源、保护环境的基本国策完全一致。我国大力推进节能降耗,加速发展可再生能源,到2020年,GDP的CO2排放强度可比2005年下降40%以上,为全球减缓CO2排放做出积极贡献。     

城市轨道交通产业投资对当年投资乘数的影响研究——以湖南数据为例

不同的当年投资乘数对于经济增长的作用不同,因此,投资乘数的计算可以准确测量投资对经济增长的促进作用。通过计算湖南城市轨道交通产业投资对湖南当年投资乘数的影响,可以预测未来湖南的投资乘数及其经济增长。通过研究可以发现发展轨道交通产业不仅对湖南经济增长率有着现实贡献,而且能够通过投资乘数变化对总供给函数的影响,来延长发掘该产业对湖南经济增长潜在的未来的贡献。     

刑罚体系问题研究

刑罚的轻缓化是当今世界刑罚的整体发展趋势,但我国现行刑罚制度的重刑化倾向严重。重刑易破坏公众的公平正义观念;重刑会导致刑罚功能的贬值;重刑易导致刑罚外的其他预防犯罪的措施难以落实。因此,有必要改革我国现行刑罚体系:消减死刑;完善自由刑;扩大财产刑和资格刑等非监禁刑的适用范围;增设社区服务刑等,使其与刑罚轻缓化的世界发展趋势相一致。     

中国工业碳排水平波动的实证分析

为了论证经济增长与碳排放的长期变动关系,通过构建影响因素的计量模型,考察和刻画了经济系统和经济发展过程中的相关变量,分析其对影响二氧化碳排放的影响,从而构建一个影响因素体系,模拟和重现二氧化碳排放变化的机理框架,研究结果为减碳和环境规制政策的实施提供了理论依据。     

Financial Instruments for Mitigation of Flood Risks: The Case of Florence

This article analyzes the mechanisms and effects of innovative financial instruments that a central public administration (CPA) may adopt to minimize the flood risk in particularly exposed regions. The pattern we suggest assumes that in risky areas the CPA can issue two financial instruments, called project options and CAT‐bonds, producing a dynamic interaction among three types of agents: the CPA itself, the local public administrations, and private investors. We explore the possible scenarios of such interaction and the conditions under which the CPA's goal of maximal risk reduction is attained. This pattern is proposed for flood risk mitigation in the city of Florence, where the model dynamics are tested assuming parameters obtained from engineering studies.     

Testing exchangeability of copulas in arbitrary dimension

A test for exchangeability of copulas for arbitrary dimensions is proposed, generalising and extending a result by Genest et al. [(2012), ‘Tests of Symmetry for Bivariate Copulas’, Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 64, 811–834]. Three test statistics together with some modifications are presented and their asymptotical behaviour is analysed. Empirical p-values are computed by using a bootstrap-procedure proposed by Rémillard and Scaillet [(2009), ‘Testing for Equality between Two Copulas’, Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 100, 377–386] and suggested by Bücher and Dette [(2010), ‘A Note on Bootstrap Approximations for the Empirical Copula Process’, Statistics & Probability Letters, 80, 1925–1932], based on a multiplier central limit theorem by van der Vaart and Wellner [(1996), Weak Convergence and Empirical Processes, Springer Series in Statistics, New York: Springer]. Finally a simulation study compares various versions of the proposed tests.     

The Effects of Revealed Information on Catastrophe Loss Projection Models’ Characterization of Risk: Damage Vulnerability Evidence from Florida

We examine whether the risk characterization estimated by catastrophic loss projection models is sensitive to the revelation of new information regarding risk type. We use commercial loss projection models from two widely employed modeling firms to estimate the expected hurricane losses of Florida Atlantic University's building stock, both including and excluding secondary information regarding hurricane mitigation features that influence damage vulnerability. We then compare the results of the models without and with this revealed information and find that the revelation of additional, secondary information influences modeled losses for the windstorm‐exposed university building stock, primarily evidenced by meaningful percent differences in the loss exceedance output indicated after secondary modifiers are incorporated in the analysis. Secondary risk characteristics for the data set studied appear to have substantially greater impact on probable maximum loss estimates than on average annual loss estimates. While it may be intuitively expected for catastrophe models to indicate that secondary risk characteristics hold value for reducing modeled losses, the finding that the primary value of secondary risk characteristics is in reduction of losses in the “tail” (low probability, high severity) events is less intuitive, and therefore especially interesting. Further, we address the benefit‐cost tradeoffs that commercial entities must consider when deciding whether to undergo the data collection necessary to include secondary information in modeling. Although we assert the long‐term benefit‐cost tradeoff is positive for virtually every entity, we acknowledge short‐term disincentives to such an effort.